Navigating the metaverse: unraveling its impact on tourism

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall.

Bec, A., Moyle, B., Schaffer, V., & Timms, K. (2021). Virtual reality and mixed reality for second chance tourism. Tourism Management, 83, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104256

Bloomberg Intelligence. (2021). Metaverse may be $800 billion market, next tech platform. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/metaverse-may-be-800-billion-market-next-tech-platform/

Boland, M. (2017). How do consumers really feel about VR? ARtillry Insights. https://www.thevrara.com/blog2/2017/8/28/how-do-consumers-really-feel-about-vr-new-report

Buhalis, D. (2020). Technology in tourism—from information communication technologies to eTourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: A perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0258

Buhalis, D., & Karatay, N. (2022). Mixed reality (MR) for Generation Z in cultural heritage tourism towards metaverse. In J. L. Stienmetz, B. Ferrer-Rosell, & D. Massimo (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2022 (ENTER 2022). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94751-4_2

Buhalis, D., Leung, D., & Lin, M. S. (2023). Metaverse as a disruptive technology revolutionising tourism management and marketing. Tourism Management, 97, Article 104724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104724

Buhalis, D., Lin, M. S., & Leung, D. (2022). Metaverse as a driver for customer experience and value co-creation: Implications for hospitality and tourism management and marketing. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(2), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2022-0631

Chowdhury, R., & Frank, M. (2021). The metaverse: What it is, where to find it, and how to thrive in it. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/09/the-metaverse-what-it-is-where-to-find-it-and-how-to-thrive-in-it

Clegg, N. (2022). Making the metaverse: What it is, how it will be built, and why it matters. Medium. https://nickclegg.medium.com/making-the-metaverse-what-it-is-how-it-will-be-built-and-why-it-matters-3710f7570b04

Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-X

Damar, M. (2021). Metaverse shape of your life for future: A bibliometric snapshot. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.12068

Davis, A., Murphy, J. D., Owens, D., Khazanchi, D., & Zigurs, I. (2009). Avatars, people, and virtual worlds: Foundations for research in metaverses. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 10(2), 90–117. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00183

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008

De Felice, F., De Luca, C., Di Chiara, S., & Petrillo, A. (2023). Physical and digital worlds: Implications and opportunities of the metaverse. Procedia Computer Science, 217, 1744–1754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.374

Deng, X., Unnava, H. R., & Lee, H. (2019). Too true to be good? When virtual reality decreases interest in actual reality. Journal of Business Research, 100, 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.008

Dwivedi, Y., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M., & Wamba, F. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice, and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 66, Article 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542

Fan, D., Buhalis, D., & Lin, B. (2019). A tourist typology of online and face-to-face social contact: Destination immersion and tourism encapsulation/decapsulation. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, Article 102757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102757

Ganesh Dash, P. J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, Article 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092

Go, H., & Kang, M. (2022). Metaverse tourism for sustainable tourism development: Tourism agenda 2030. Tourism Review, 78(2), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2022-0102

Griffin, T., Giberson, J., Lee, S. H. M., Guttentag, D., Kandaurova, M., Sergueeva, K., & Dimanche, F. (2017). Virtual reality and implications for destination marketing. In Proceedings of the 48th Annual Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA) (p. 29).

Gursoy, D., Malodia, S., & Dhir, A. (2022). The metaverse in the hospitality and tourism industry: An overview of current trends and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(5), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2072504

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hollensen, S., Kotler, P., & Opresnik, M. (2022). Metaverse—the new marketing universe. Journal of Business Strategy, 44(3), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-01-2022-0014

Hsu, C. L., & Lu, H. P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information & Management, 41(7), 853–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.08.014

Huang, V. G. (2021). Wall Street analysts are rushing to dub the metaverse the next multi-trillion-dollar investing opportunity. Here’s what 3 of them are saying about its potential and risks. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/metaverse-stocks-tokens-altcoins-wall-street-crypto-gamefi-facebook-roblox-2021-12

Huang, Y. C., Backman, S. J., Backman, K. J., & Moore, D. W. (2013). Exploring user acceptance of 3D virtual worlds in travel and tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 36, 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.009

Jung, T., Dieck, M. C., Moorhouse, N., & Dieck, D. (2017). Tourists’ experience of virtual reality applications. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) (pp. 208–210). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCE.2017.7889287

Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2006). A structural analysis of destination travel intentions as a function of web site features. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291599

Kharif, O. (2021). The metaverse: What it is, where to find it, who will build it. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-08-12/the-metaverse-what-it-is-where-to-find-it-who-will-build-it

Kim, D. Y., Park, J., & Morrison, A. M. (2008). A model of traveller acceptance of mobile technology. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(5), 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.669

Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., & Preis, M. W. (2020). The impact of innovation and gratification on authentic experience, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention in tourism virtual reality: The moderating role of technology readiness. Telematics and Informatics, 49, Article 101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101349

Kuang, X., & Tan, Y. (2021). The new era of social interaction in the metaverse: A case study of Horizon Home. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 55, 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2021.07.003

Lai, P. C. (2017). The literature review of technology adoption models and theories for the novelty technology. Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 14(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.4301/S1807-17752017000100002

LaMorte, W. W. (2022). Social norms theory. Boston University School of Public Health. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mphmodules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/BehavioralChangeTheories7.html

Lee, O., & Oh, J. E. (2007). The impact of virtual reality functions of a hotel website on travel anxiety. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 584–586. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9987

Logan, K. (2021). Cathie Wood says the metaverse could be worth trillions and will affect the world in ways “we cannot even imagine right now.” Fortune. https://fortune.com/2021/12/03/cathie-wood-metaverse-trillions-affect-every-sector/

Maghaydah, S., Al-Emran, M., Maheshwari, P., & Al-Sharafi, M. A. (2024). Factors affecting metaverse adoption in education: A systematic review, adoption framework, and future research agenda. Heliyon, 10(7), Article e28602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28602

Mandal, S., Paul, J., Kotni, V. V. D. P., & Chintaluri, M. G. (2024). The orientation of Gen Zs towards metaverse tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 32, Article 100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100871

Marasco, A., Buonincontri, P., van Niekerk, M., Orlowski, M., & Okumus, F. (2018). Exploring the role of next-generation virtual technologies in destination marketing. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDMM.2017.12.002

Marchiori, E., Niforatos, E., & Preto, L. (2017). Measuring the media effects of a tourism-related virtual reality experience using biophysical data. In R. Schegg & B. Stangl (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2017 (pp. 203–215). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51168-9_15

Martínez-Gutiérrez, A., Díez-González, J., Perez, H., & Araújo, M. (2024). Towards industry 5.0 through metaverse. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 89, Article 102764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102764

Meta. (2022). Building the metaverse: Our vision and principles. https://www.meta.com/metaverse/vision-and-principles

Meta. (2023). Understanding the economic potential of the metaverse. https://about.fb.com/news/2023/05/economic-potential-of-the-metaverse/

Pavlou, P. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(3), 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2003.11044275

Ramkissoon, H., & Mavondo, F. T. (2021). Augmented reality and virtual reality in tourism and hospitality: A review of the implications for destination marketing and tourist experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, Article 100575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100575

Robinson, A., & Christensen, L. (2021). The potential global economic impact of the metaverse [Report]. Analysis Group. https://www.analysisgroup.com/globalassets/insights/publishing/2022-the-potential-global-economic-impact-of-the-metaverse.pdf

Saeed, N., Yang, Y., & Sinnappan, S. (2009). Emerging web technologies in higher education: A case of incorporating blogs, podcasts and social bookmarks in a web programming course based on students’ learning styles and technology. Educational Technology & Society, 12(4), 98–109. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.12.4.98

Schiopu, A. F., Hornoiu, R. I., Padurean, A. M., & Nica, A. M. (2022). Constrained and virtually traveling? Exploring the effect of travel constraints on intention to use virtual reality in tourism. Technology in Society, 71, Article 102091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102091

Schiopu, A. F., Hornoiu, R. I., Padurean, M. A., & Nica, A. M. (2021). Virus tinged? Exploring the facets of virtual reality use in tourism as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telematics and Informatics, 60, Article 101575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101575

Smith, P. L., & Little, D. R. (2018). Small is beautiful: In defense of the small-N design. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(6), 2083–2101. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1451-8

Song, X., Yao, N., & Wen, N. (2021). What motivates Chinese consumers to avoid information about the COVID-19 pandemic? The perspective of the stimulus-organism-response model. Information Processing & Management, 58(1), Article 102407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102407

Speights, K. (2021). 3 stocks to buy with a $30 trillion metaverse market on the way. The Motley Fool. https://www.fool.com/investing/2021/12/06/3-stocks-to-buy-with-a-30-trillion-metaverse-marke/

Stephenson, N. (1992). Snow crash. Bantam Books.

Surovaya, E., Prayag, G., Yung, R., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2020). Telepresent or not? Virtual reality, service perceptions, emotions and post-consumption behaviors. Anatolia, 31(4), 620–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1808431

Ticak, M. (2022). What does “meta” mean? Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/meta-meaning/

Vidal-Tomás, D. (2023). The illusion of the metaverse and meta-economy. International Review of Financial Analysis, 86, Article 102560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102560

Viglia, G., & Dolnicar, F. (2020). A review of experiments in tourism and hospitality. Annals of Tourism Research, 80, Article 102858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102858

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Xing, R., Liu, D., Luan, T. H., et al. (2022). A survey on metaverse: Fundamentals, security, and privacy. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.02662

Warshaw, P. R., & Davis, F. D. (1985). Disentangling behavioral intention and behavioral expectation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(85)90017-4

Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(6), 913–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237

Ying, T., Tang, J., Ye, S., Tan, X., & Wei, W. (2022). Virtual reality in destination marketing: Telepresence, social presence, and tourists’ visit intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 61(8), 1738–1756. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211047273