CACTUS CACTUS J Tour Bus Manag Econ CACTUS – Journal of Tourism Business, Management and Economics 2247-3297 ASE Publishing House Bucharest, Romania 10.24818/CTS/7/2025/1.10 cactus-2025-10 Industry Point of View L83, Q54, Z30, Z32 Exploring research methods for tourism resilience Tudose-Pop Iuliana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9853-6748 ipop2008@gmail.com University Alexandru Ioan Cuza of Iasi, Iasi, Romania 15 6 2025 7 1 1562025 Copyright © 2025, The Author(s) 2025 The Author(s) This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This paper examines various research methods used in the study of resilience in tourism across European Union(EU) Member States. To this end, several relevant literature articles were reviewed. In the theoretical research process, particular attention was paid to the research methods employed by researchers to analyze resilience in tourism, the indicators used, and the results obtained. The article aims to present a concise overview of the most commonly used research methods for analyzing tourism resilience in EU Member States, focusing on two major crises that severely impacted these economies: the financial and economic crisis (2008–2010) and the crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022). The research proposes a set of indicators, constructible from Eurostat data, for future analyses using multiple linear regression techniques and offers a modest methodological proposal for further studies to explore the role of key factors contributing to tourism resilience within EU countries.

 Keywords resilience research methods tourism European Union risk

Full text available in PDF format.

References Alcalá-Ordóñez, A., Brida, J. G., Cárdenas-García, P. J., & Segarra, V. (2024). Tourism and economic development: A panel data analysis for island countries. European Journal of Tourism Research, 36, 3615. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v36i.3308 10.54055/ejtr.v36i.3308 Anghel, M. G., Grigorescu, D. L., & Dumbravă, Ș. G. (2020). Aspecte teoretice privind utilizarea regresiei liniare în studiul corelaiților economice. Revista Română de Statistică, Supliment(7), 43–57. Ariyani, N., & Fauzi, A. (2024). Measuring the resilience of rural tourism in Indonesia using the Adjusted Mazziotta-Pareto index. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(4), 3467. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i4.3467 10.24294/jipd.v8i4.3467 Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jordá, M. (2002). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: The Spanish case. Applied Economics, 34(7), 877–884. Bartosz, K. (2023). From resilience to collapse: A cross-country study of tourist spending in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 11(3), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0017 10.2478/environ-2023-0017 Boschma, R. (2015). Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 49(5), 733–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.959481 10.1080/00343404.2014.959481 Briguglio, L., Cordina, G., Farrugia, N., & Vella, S. (2009). Economic vulnerability and resilience: Concepts and measurements. Oxford Development Studies, 37(3), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903089893 10.1080/13600810903089893 Bănică, A., Eva, M., Iaţu, C., Nijkamp, P., & Pascariu, G. C. (Eds.). (2021). The European atlas of resilience. Editura Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza”. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357223217_The_European_Atlas_of_Resilience Cărbunaru-Băcescu, A., & Condruz-Băcescu, M. (2014). Analiza seriilor interdependente prin metoda corelaţiei. Revista Română de Statistică, Supliment(2), 3–8. Cochrane, J. (2010). The sphere of tourism resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081632 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081632 Drăgan, M. (2015). Reziliența în planificarea regională - Aspecte conceptuale și metodologice. Geographia Napocensis, IX(2). D’Urso, P., De Giovanni, L., Disegna, M. M., Massari, R., & Vitale, V. V. (2021). A tourist segmentation based on motivation, satisfaction and prior knowledge with a socio-economic profiling: A clustering approach with mixed information. Social Indicators Research, 154, 335–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02537-y 10.1007/s11205-020-02537-y Eugenio-Martin, J. L., & Patuelli, R. (2022). Panel data models in tourism research: Innovative applications and methods. Tourism Economics, 28(5), 1348–1354. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166221115784 10.1177/13548166221115784 Eurostat. (2024). Databases. Retrieved November 3, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Gunlu, E. A., & Aktas, G. (2006). Vulnerability of coastal resorts to crises: Probable scenarios and recovery strategies. Tourism in Marine Environments, 3(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427306779380293 10.3727/154427306779380293 Hall, C. M., Safanov, A., & Naderi Koupaei, S. (2023). Resilience in hospitality and tourism: Issues, synthesis and agenda. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1428 10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1428 Hossain, M. I., Kumar, J., & Islam, T. (2024). Antecedents of sustainable tourism development in Sundarbans, Bangladesh with the moderation of political instability and mediation of destination resilience. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2024.2347222 10.1080/21568316.2024.2347222 Ibănescu, B. C., Eva, M., & Gheorghiu, A. (2020). Questioning the role of tourism as an engine for resilience: The role of accessibility and economic performance. Sustainability, 12(14), 5527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145527 10.3390/su12145527 Langer, M., & Schmude, J. (2024). COVID-19 as a paradigm shift? Insights from the degrowth debate in tourism. European Journal of Tourism Research, 36, 3607. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v36i.3137 10.54055/ejtr.v36i.3137 Lee, Y.-J. A., Kim, J., Jang, S., Ash, K., & Yang, E. (2021). Tourism and economic resilience. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 103024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103024 10.1016/j.annals.2020.103024 Mileva, S., & Lyutova, Z. (2023). Tourism in the National Recovery and Resilience Plans of the EU member states. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 14(SI), 181–202. https://doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2023-SI10 10.47743/ejes-2023-SI10 Ngoc Su, D., Luc Tra, D., Thi Huynh, H. M., Nguyen, H. H. T., & O’Mahony, B. (2021). Enhancing resilience in the Covid-19 crisis: Lessons from human resource management practices in Vietnam. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(22), 3189–3205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1863930 10.1080/13683500.2020.1863930 OECD. (2022). OECD tourism trends and policies 2022. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a8dd3019-en 10.1787/a8dd3019-en Pappas, N., Michopoulou, E., & Farmaki, A. (2023). Tourism innovation and resilience during uncertainty. Tourism Planning & Development, 20(2), 135–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2023.2176647 10.1080/21568316.2023.2176647 Pascariu, G. C., & Ibănescu, B. C. (2018). Determinants and implications of the tourism multiplier effect in EU economies: Towards a core-periphery pattern? Amfiteatru Economic, 20(Special No. 12), 982–997. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2018/S12/982 10.24818/EA/2018/S12/982 Pascariu, G. C., Ibănescu, B. C., Nijkamp, P., & Kourtit, K. (2021). Tourism and economic resilience: Implications for regional policies. In S. Suzuki, K. Kourtit, & P. Nijkamp (Eds.), Tourism and regional science (New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, Vol. 53, pp. 129–147). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3623-3_8 10.1007/978-981-16-3623-3_8 Popescu, D., Pop, I., Coroș, M. M., & Gheorghe, G. (2022). Overcoming the negative consequences of coronavirus pandemic on tourism: The European Union experience. In R. Pamfilie, V. Dinu, C. Vasiliu, D. Pleșea, & L. Tăchiciu (Eds.), New trends in sustainable business and consumption (pp. 359–366). ASE. https://doi.org/10.24818/BASIQ/2022/08/048 10.24818/BASIQ/2022/08/048 Romão, J. (2020). Tourism, smart specialisation, growth, and resilience. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102995 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102995 Sariișik, M., Calli, D. S., Sari, S., & Halis, M. (2011). Tourism sector in order to recovering from the recession: Comparison analyses for Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.070 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.070 Seetaram, N., & Petit, S. (2012). Panel data analysis in tourism research. In Handbook of research method in tourism. https://hal.science/hal-01831529v1 Stylidis, D. (2018). Residents’ place image: A cluster analysis and its links to place attachment and support for tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 1007–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1435668 10.1080/09669582.2018.1435668 Tang, R. (2024). Can digital economy improve tourism economic resilience? Evidence from China. Tourism Economics, 30(6), 1359–1381. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166231206241 10.1177/13548166231206241 UNDP. (2024). Human Development Index. Retrieved November 3, 2024, from https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI Vaida-Muntean, C., Voineagu, V., & Munteanu, G. (2014). Incertitidine şi sensibilitate în datele statistice. Revista Română de Statistică, Supliment(12). Yang, S., Lu, Y., & Wang, S. (2023). Quantitative simulation and verification of the tourism economic resilience in urban agglomerations. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 18879. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46166-0 10.1038/s41598-023-46166-0 Yang, Y., Zhang, C. X., & Rickly, J. M. (2021). A review of early COVID-19 research in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research’s curated collection on coronavirus and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313 10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313 Yingjie, W., Shanshan, J., & Xiaoyue, Z. (2024). Resilience assessment and the diagnosis of obstacles at ancient capital tourism sites. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 15(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.01.007 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.01.007 Zhang, F., Lv, Y., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2024). Resilience and recovery: A systematic review of tourism governance strategies in disaster-affected regions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103, 104350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104350 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104350 Zhang, P., Huang, Y., Pan, S., Chen, W., Zhong, H., Xu, N., & Zhong, M. (2022). Does resilience exist in China’s tourism economy? From the perspectives of resistance and recoverability. Sustainability, 14, 10641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710641 10.3390/su141710641 Wu, J., Yang, Y., Zuo, J., Cao, Q., Guo, D., & Liu, S. (2024). Evaluation and influencing factors of ecological resilience in tourism villages from farmers’ perspectives: A case study of Chinese minority settlement areas. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, 1400546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1400546 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1400546